The Linux kernel exists in various forms tailored to different needs. These variations include the Stable, LTS, Hardened, and Zen kernels, each offering distinct features and functionalities.
Stable Kernel
The stable Linux kernel represents the most current and stable release available, commonly adopted as the default kernel in various distributions. While it prioritizes cutting-edge features, it might sacrifice some stability, occasionally being perceived as less stable. Regular updates and frequent patch releases characterize this kernel, making it widely used in both desktop and server environments.
LTS Kernel
The Long Term Support (LTS) kernel presents a relatively more stable alternative compared to the default kernel. Despite this, it may incorporate older drivers that could lack compatibility with newer hardware and miss some features found in the latest kernel versions.
Typically updated every three years for desktops and every five years for servers, the LTS kernel also receives security patches regularly. Though it remains susceptible to potential malfunctions, it is generally favored in enterprise setups, with approximately 95% of Ubuntu installations being LTS releases, according to Canonical.
Hardened Kernel
This variant is a security-focused iteration of the stable Linux kernel, featuring pre-Linux upstream patches and a security-oriented kernel configuration. However, some programs and functionalities might not operate seamlessly with this kernel.
Although it offers heightened security measures, it experiences longer downtimes due to its aggressive termination of perceived threats. Furthermore, it limits direct access to running executables, thereby reducing potential avenues for cyber threats.
Zen Kernel
The Zen kernel is tailored for optimized performance, specifically targeting desktop performance gains at the expense of throughput and power consumption. Often regarded as an excellent kernel for gaming, it boasts low latency, high-frequency scheduling, and an optimized scheduler for faster speeds.
Distros such as Garuda Linux utilize the Zen kernel as the default choice, emphasizing performance optimization for desktops and personal computers.